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spherical brown cysts with apiculocavate processes

Zonneveld, K.A.F. and Pospelova V. (2015). A determination key for modern dinoflagellate cysts. Palynology 39 (3), 387- 409.

 

cyst of Protoperidinium tricingulatum

processes solid with hollow base
base of processes circular
processes capitate or cauliflorate
archeopyle along 2‘/1a, 2‘/2a,
3‘/2a, 4‘/2a, 4‘/6“,4‘/7“

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Islandinium minutum

acuminate processes
processes base circular
wall granular
apical archeopyle

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Echinidinium sleipnerensis

processes irregularly distributed
smooth cyst wall
therophylic archeopyle extending at least half of the cyst body

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Echinidinium karaense

irregularly distributed processes
processes various length, width
processes conical to tapering
process basis circular
tips acuminate

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Islandinium? cezare

processes taper slightly
tips minutely expanded
appear mushroom-like
process basis circular
finely granular wall

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Cyst of Protoperidinium lewisiae

processes regularly distributed

microgranulate cyst wall

processes bear spinulae

processes acuminate

theropylic archeopyle

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Cyst of Archaeperidinium bailongense

regular distributed processes

granulate wall

process tips capitate

processes can have different length

theropylic archeopyle along plate 2a

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Archaeperidinium constrictum

regular distributed processes

processes have a very wide basis

basis of processes can tough each other

theropylic archeopyle 2a

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