spherical brown cysts with solid processes

Zonneveld, K.A.F. and Pospelova V. (2015). A determination key for modern dinoflagellate cysts. Palynology 39 (3), 387- 409.

solid acuminate processes
evenly distributed and of same size
basis of processes circular to irregular rectangular
smooth cyst wall
Echinidinium transparantum +

acuminate processes
prosesses in clusters or
of different size
base of processes circular to
irregular rectangular
Echinidinium zonneveldiae +

solid small processes
processes irregularly distributed
process basis circular
apical archeopyle
smooth cyst wall
Islandinium brevispinosum +

mushroom-like processes
process base circular
processes regular distributed
apical archeopyle
Islandinium? cezare
solid process form +

cyst covered with numerous hairs
hairs irregularly non tabular distributed
rounded regions without hairs
often present
Diplopelta symmetrica +

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acuminate solid processes

base of processes circular

processes irregular distributed

cyst of Nia acanthocysta

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densely covered with acuminate solid processes/hair

archeopyle hexagonal, theropylic along plate 1a.